Thank you for all the advice!
I did use butyl tape as the main sealant for the fan, but the instructions on the fan say to add a waterproof sealant around the edges and over the screws.
I took a piece of the trailer exterior into an RV shop and asked what they would recommend. Turns out it’s not PVC, it’s filon. Reading up on filon that makes sense and describes it perfectly. It’s a very thin layer of plastic/fibreglass stuff on a thin layer of laminate wood. The RV guys recommended the same ProFlex RV sealant that you guys did so thank you!
I do have a new problem though. When I was on the roof I saw that a repair made my the previous owners failed and there’s a big crack in the filon on the roof. It had been caulked with something but whatever the sealant was cracked along that fault line. It started at where the old vent corner was.

I scraped off all the old sealant and now need to re-patch this. I did look under the crack as much as possible and it doesn’t look like there’s any water damage under the filon. It’s extremely thin and below it is an inch of styrofoam so there’s really nothing to rot. We also, thankfully, live in a desert so it’s been hot and dry all summer with very little rain so any moisture would have been well dried out.

Can I just use the ProFlex RV stuff to seal the edges of the crack back together? A different forum was talking about chiseling away the rough edges and fiberglassing in the crack but that seems fairly challenging and we’d never get it to match. Sealing it with clear sealant won’t be completely un-noticeable, but it would at least blend enough since it’s on the roof. A huge stripe of fiberglass would be much more obvious.
Any advice you could share would be so helpful! Thanks for all the help so far!